| Urban Electric Van |
Battery-electric, single-speed drive |
40–80 kWh |
180–350 km per charge |
600–1,500 kg |
7–22 kW AC overnight; 50–120 kW DC optional |
Parcel delivery, service calls, municipal routes, and daily urban distribution |
Usable cargo volume, payload after battery weight, low-temperature range, turning radius, and depot charging availability |
| Electric Light Truck |
Battery-electric, rear-wheel or all-wheel drive |
80–200 kWh |
150–300 km per charge |
1,500–5,000 kg |
11–22 kW AC; 60–180 kW DC depending on battery size |
Fixed urban and regional distribution routes with predictable daily mileage |
Gross vehicle weight, body and refrigeration power demand, grade performance, charging dwell time, and axle-load compliance |
| Electric Medium-Duty Truck |
Battery-electric, high-voltage traction system |
200–450 kWh |
180–350 km per charge |
4,000–12,000 kg |
120–350 kW DC; site transformer capacity may be required |
Urban freight, refuse collection, construction support, and regional shuttle operations |
Energy use under payload, regenerative braking performance, route elevation, charger utilization, and battery warranty terms |
| Electric Heavy Truck |
Battery-electric with multiple traction motors or high-torque e-axle |
400–900 kWh |
250–500 km per charge |
10,000–25,000 kg |
250–750 kW DC; high-power charging infrastructure and grid planning are important |
Short-haul freight, port operations, terminal drayage, and return-to-base logistics |
Available payload after battery mass, charging queue risk, route length, trailer compatibility, thermal management, and total cost per kilometer |
| Fuel-Cell Heavy Truck |
Hydrogen fuel cell with electric traction motor |
Fuel-cell system plus hydrogen storage; battery commonly 50–150 kWh |
400–800 km per refueling, depending on tank capacity and payload |
10,000–25,000 kg |
High-pressure hydrogen refueling, typically 10–20 minutes where suitable infrastructure is available |
Longer regional routes where fast refueling and high daily utilization are essential |
Hydrogen price and supply reliability, station uptime, storage pressure, payload effect, safety procedures, and service network coverage |
| Electric City Bus |
Battery-electric with regenerative braking |
250–600 kWh |
180–400 km per charge |
Passenger capacity and axle limits determine usable load |
Overnight depot charging, opportunity charging, or pantograph systems |
Fixed city routes with scheduled return-to-depot or controlled opportunity charging |
Passenger capacity, HVAC energy consumption, accessibility layout, route topography, charging schedule, and battery replacement planning |
| Electric School or Shuttle Bus |
Battery-electric, low-floor or conventional bus configuration |
100–350 kWh |
120–300 km per charge |
Determined by seating capacity and permitted gross weight |
11–150 kW, normally charged during long parking periods |
School transport, employee shuttles, airport circulation, and short scheduled routes |
Daily route distance, passenger heating or cooling demand, safeguarding equipment, accessibility, and charging during off-peak hours |
| Electric Refuse Collection Vehicle |
Battery-electric with electric compactor and auxiliary systems |
250–600 kWh |
100–250 km per charge |
5,000–15,000 kg payload, depending on body design |
150–350 kW DC or scheduled overnight depot charging |
Stop-start municipal collection routes with high regenerative-braking potential |
Compactor energy consumption, hydraulic-equipment replacement, noise requirements, payload after body installation, and route-specific range testing |
| Electric Refrigerated Truck |
Battery-electric traction with electric refrigeration unit |
150–450 kWh plus auxiliary energy reserve |
150–300 km per charge under refrigerated operation |
2,000–10,000 kg |
22–60 kW AC overnight; 100–250 kW DC for high-utilization fleets |
Food, pharmaceutical, and temperature-controlled urban distribution |
Continuous cooling duration, standby operation, temperature logging, insulation quality, payload loss from equipment, and backup-power capability |
| Plug-In Hybrid Commercial Vehicle |
Internal-combustion engine combined with electric motor and rechargeable battery |
15–80 kWh |
30–120 km electric driving before engine operation |
Usually comparable to the equivalent conventional vehicle, subject to battery mass |
3.6–22 kW AC; DC charging is less common |
Mixed urban and regional routes where charging access is developing |
Real electric-use percentage, fuel consumption after battery depletion, emissions-zone rules, battery warranty, and charging discipline |